Continental turtles in the archaeological and ethnozoological record of the Colombian Caribbean: a reflection towards sustainable use as a food resource

Abstract

This study aims to reconstruct the historical relationship between humans and continental turtles in the Colombian Caribbean through a literature review, the identification of archaeological artifacts, and field observations. Researchers have documented turtle remains from five confirmed species across 19 archaeological sites in the region. Turtles were among the most significant terrestrial vertebrates consumed as food in prehistoric times. Beyond their role in sustenance, they also served as funerary offerings and were crafted into various artifacts. Two species, the red-eared slider (Trachemys callirostris) and the tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) have been found in archaeological contexts dating back 6,000 years. Additionally, zoomorphic depictions of turtles appear in decorative elements used for items such as trays and plates, which belonged to some of the earliest potters in the Americas. Turtles continue to be integral to oral traditions, mythology, and material culture among contemporary Indigenous groups. Their cultural significance today is exemplified in rituals that involve feasting on turtles during Catholic Lent. However, these species face significant conservation threats, many of which are rooted in cultural practices. Hunting adult female turtles and human-induced fires along wetland borders are particularly concerning, as both contribute to declining populations. By compiling an initial record of non-marine turtle diversity in archaeological and ethnozoological contexts, this study seeks to foster reflection on the sustainable use of turtles as a food resource within Colombia's biodiversity.