Palabras clave
resiliencia
ansiedad
depresión
pobreza
niños
ansiedad
depresión
pobreza
niños
Cómo citar
Cervantes-Perea, W.-T. ., Fajardo-Castillo, E. ., & Rodríguez-de Ávila, U.-E. . (2019). Resiliencia, ansiedad, pobreza y depresión en niños de dos ciudades de Colombia. Duazary, 16(2), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.3156
Resumen
El objetivo del estudio fue verificar si la Resiliencia y la Ansiedad difieren del contexto cultural en niños en situación de pobreza y depresión. Participaron 2 instituciones de educación media de dos zonas marginales de dos ciudades del Caribe Colombiano (Santa Marta y Cartagena). El muestreo fue no probabilístico intencional, transversal. La muestra fue de 73 estudiantes, entre 10 y 12 años de edad (22 mujeres y 51 hombres) todos con características sintomatólogicas de depresión, 36 estudiantes de Santa Marta y 37 estudiantes de Cartagena. La distribución fue del 73% de resiliencia alta, 25% de resiliencia moderada y 1,4% de resiliencia baja. El 47% se encontraban en riesgo de sufrir ansiedad y 53% no presentaban riesgo. Mediante Chi Cuadrado, ponderados para Depresión, con significancia menores a 0,05, se verificó la hipótesis alterna: La Resiliencia y la Ansiedad difieren del contexto cultural en los niños en situación de pobreza y depresión.Citas
1. Peng C, Yuan M, Gu C, Peng Z, Ming T. A review of the theory and practice of regional resilience. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2017; 29: 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.12.003
2. Holling CS. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics. 1973; 4: 1-23.
3. García-Vesga, M, Domínguez-de la Ossa E. Desarrollo teórico de la Resiliencia y su aplicación en situaciones adversas: Una revisión analítica. Rev.latinoam.cienc.soc.niñez. 2013; 11(1): 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.11600/1692715x.1113300812
4. Masten A. Resilience come of age: Reflections on the past and outlooks for the next generation of researchers. En M. Glantz & J. Johnson (eds.). Resilience and Development: positive life adaptations, Nueva York: Plenum Publishers, 2001.
5. Cai J., Guo H, Wang D. Review on the Resilient City Research Overseas. Progress in Geography. 2012; 31: 1245-255.
6. Grotberg E. The International Resilience Research Project. En R. Rosswith, (ed.), Psychologists facing the challenge of a global Culture with Human Rights and mental health, Pasbst: Science Publishers, 1999: 237-56.
7. Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Washington D. C: Initiatives Conferences on Fostering Resilience; 1991.
8. Luthar S, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development. 2000; 71 (3): 543-62.
9. Grotberg E. The Internacional Resilience Project: Promoting Resilience in Children. Wisconsin: Universidad de Wisconsin; 1995.
10. Vanistendael S. Resilience: a few key issues. Malta: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1994.
11. Rutter M, Rutter M. Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity across the Life Span. Londres: Penguin Books; 1992.
12. Suárez EN, Melillo A. Resiliencia: Descubriendo las propias fortalezas. Buenos Aires: Paidós. 2005.
13. Osborn A. Hat is the value of the concept of resilience for policy and intervention. Londres: International Catholic Child Burea; 1993.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
15. Edwards SL, Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ. The assessment of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: the revised Preschool Anxiety Scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010; 39(3): 400-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374411003691701
16. Spence SH, Rapee R, McDonald C, Ingram M. The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39(11): 1293-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00098-X
17. Strickland J, Keller J, Lavigne JV, Hopkinns J, LeBailly S. The structure of psychopathology in a community sample of preschoolers. Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011; 39(4): 601–10.
18. Whalen D, Sylvester C, Luby J. Depression and Anxiety in Preschoolers A Review of the Past 7 Years. Child Adolesc Psychiatric; 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.006
19. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. AACAP official action: practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997; 36: 69S–84S.
20. Orgilés M, Méndez K, Spence S, Huedo-Medina T, Espada J. Spanish Validation of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2012; 43: 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0265-y
21. Navarro E, Ibáñez C, Meléndez J.C. Una experiencia de intervención en infancia y adolescencia. Boletín de Psicología. 2006; 88: 85–95.
22. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Anxiety Disor. 2000; 14: 263–79.
23. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004; 20: 155–64.
24. Niu GF, Sun XJ, Tian Y, Fan CY, Zhou ZK. Resilience moderates the relationship between ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99: 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.059
25. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin. 1995; 117(3): 497–529.
26. Hames JL, Hagan CR, Joiner TE. Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013; 9(2): 355–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553
27. Hammell KR. Belonging, occupation, and human well-being: An exploration. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne Dergothérapie. 2014; 81(1): 39–50.
28. Omidvar B, Bahrami F, Fatehizade M, Etemadi O, Ghanizadeh A. Attachment quality and depression in Iranian adolescents. Psychological Studies. 2014; 59(3): 309–15.
29. Yabko BA, Hokoda A, Ulloa EC. Depression as a mediator between family factors and peer-bullying victimization in Latino adolescents. Violence and Victims. 2008; 23(6): 727–42. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.6.727
30. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Psychological Medicine. 289(23): 3095–3105. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
31. Forrest-Bank S, Nicotera N, Anthony E, Jenson J. Finding their way: Perceptions of risk, resilience and positive youth development among adolescents and young adults from public housing neighbourhoods. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 55: 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.015
32. Anthony E. Cluster Profiles of Youths Living in Urban Poverty: Factors Affecting Risk and Resilience. Social Work Research. 2008; 32: 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/32.1.6
33. Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin. 2000; 126(2): 309–37
34. Zolkoski S, Bullock L. Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review. 2012; 34: 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012. 08.009.
35. Holland J, Reynolds T, Weller S. Transitions, networks and communities: The significance of social capital in the lives of children and young people. Journal of Youth Studies. 2007; 10: 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/13676260600881474.
36. Sandersa J, Munforda R, Bodenb J. Culture and context: The differential impact of culture, risks and resources on resilience among vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review. 2017; 79: 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.007
37. Cutuli J, Desjardins C, Herbers J, Long J, Heistad D, Chan C, et al. Academic achievement trajectories of homeless and highly mobile students: Resilience in the context of chronic and acute risk. Child Development. 2013; 84 (3): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1111/cdev.12013
38. Sanders, A. Children in homeless families: Risks to mental health and development. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2017; 61: 335-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 006X.61.2.335
39. Quitian H, Ruiz-Gaviria R, Gómez-Restrepo C, Rondón M. Pobreza y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana, estudio nacional de salud mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2016: 45 (1s):31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.02.005
40. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatric. 1981; 46: 305-15.
41. Kovacs M. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). EEUU: HMS; 1992.
42. González-Arratia N. Resiliencia y personalidad en niños. Cómo desarro¬llarse en tiempos de crisis. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 2011.
43. González-Arratia N, Valdez-Medina J. Optimismo-pesimismo y resiliencia en adolescentes de una universidad pública. CIENCIA ergo sum. 2012; 19(3): 207-14.
44. León M. Adaptación del inventario de depresión infantil de Kovacs en escolares de la UGEL 02 de Lima Metropolitana .Revista Psique Mag. 2013. Recuperado de http://www.ucvlima.edu.pe/minds/index.html.
45. Canjiea L, Lexina Y, Weiquanb L, Yinga Z, Shengmao P. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on 2 quality of life of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 71: 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.011
46. Hankin BL. Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006; 8(1): 102-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012
47. Lavoie J, Pereira L, Talwar V. Children's Physical Resilience Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Vulnerability and Protective Factors. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6): 2-11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.011
48. Bonet C, Fernández M, Chamón M. Depresión, ansiedad y separación en la infancia. Aspectos prácticos para pediatras ocupados. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2011; 13(51): 471-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322011000300012
2. Holling CS. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics. 1973; 4: 1-23.
3. García-Vesga, M, Domínguez-de la Ossa E. Desarrollo teórico de la Resiliencia y su aplicación en situaciones adversas: Una revisión analítica. Rev.latinoam.cienc.soc.niñez. 2013; 11(1): 63-77. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.11600/1692715x.1113300812
4. Masten A. Resilience come of age: Reflections on the past and outlooks for the next generation of researchers. En M. Glantz & J. Johnson (eds.). Resilience and Development: positive life adaptations, Nueva York: Plenum Publishers, 2001.
5. Cai J., Guo H, Wang D. Review on the Resilient City Research Overseas. Progress in Geography. 2012; 31: 1245-255.
6. Grotberg E. The International Resilience Research Project. En R. Rosswith, (ed.), Psychologists facing the challenge of a global Culture with Human Rights and mental health, Pasbst: Science Publishers, 1999: 237-56.
7. Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Washington D. C: Initiatives Conferences on Fostering Resilience; 1991.
8. Luthar S, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development. 2000; 71 (3): 543-62.
9. Grotberg E. The Internacional Resilience Project: Promoting Resilience in Children. Wisconsin: Universidad de Wisconsin; 1995.
10. Vanistendael S. Resilience: a few key issues. Malta: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1994.
11. Rutter M, Rutter M. Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity across the Life Span. Londres: Penguin Books; 1992.
12. Suárez EN, Melillo A. Resiliencia: Descubriendo las propias fortalezas. Buenos Aires: Paidós. 2005.
13. Osborn A. Hat is the value of the concept of resilience for policy and intervention. Londres: International Catholic Child Burea; 1993.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
15. Edwards SL, Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ. The assessment of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: the revised Preschool Anxiety Scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010; 39(3): 400-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374411003691701
16. Spence SH, Rapee R, McDonald C, Ingram M. The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39(11): 1293-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00098-X
17. Strickland J, Keller J, Lavigne JV, Hopkinns J, LeBailly S. The structure of psychopathology in a community sample of preschoolers. Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011; 39(4): 601–10.
18. Whalen D, Sylvester C, Luby J. Depression and Anxiety in Preschoolers A Review of the Past 7 Years. Child Adolesc Psychiatric; 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.006
19. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. AACAP official action: practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997; 36: 69S–84S.
20. Orgilés M, Méndez K, Spence S, Huedo-Medina T, Espada J. Spanish Validation of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2012; 43: 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0265-y
21. Navarro E, Ibáñez C, Meléndez J.C. Una experiencia de intervención en infancia y adolescencia. Boletín de Psicología. 2006; 88: 85–95.
22. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Anxiety Disor. 2000; 14: 263–79.
23. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004; 20: 155–64.
24. Niu GF, Sun XJ, Tian Y, Fan CY, Zhou ZK. Resilience moderates the relationship between ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99: 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.059
25. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin. 1995; 117(3): 497–529.
26. Hames JL, Hagan CR, Joiner TE. Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2013; 9(2): 355–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553
27. Hammell KR. Belonging, occupation, and human well-being: An exploration. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne Dergothérapie. 2014; 81(1): 39–50.
28. Omidvar B, Bahrami F, Fatehizade M, Etemadi O, Ghanizadeh A. Attachment quality and depression in Iranian adolescents. Psychological Studies. 2014; 59(3): 309–15.
29. Yabko BA, Hokoda A, Ulloa EC. Depression as a mediator between family factors and peer-bullying victimization in Latino adolescents. Violence and Victims. 2008; 23(6): 727–42. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.6.727
30. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Psychological Medicine. 289(23): 3095–3105. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
31. Forrest-Bank S, Nicotera N, Anthony E, Jenson J. Finding their way: Perceptions of risk, resilience and positive youth development among adolescents and young adults from public housing neighbourhoods. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 55: 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.015
32. Anthony E. Cluster Profiles of Youths Living in Urban Poverty: Factors Affecting Risk and Resilience. Social Work Research. 2008; 32: 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/32.1.6
33. Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin. 2000; 126(2): 309–37
34. Zolkoski S, Bullock L. Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review. 2012; 34: 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012. 08.009.
35. Holland J, Reynolds T, Weller S. Transitions, networks and communities: The significance of social capital in the lives of children and young people. Journal of Youth Studies. 2007; 10: 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/13676260600881474.
36. Sandersa J, Munforda R, Bodenb J. Culture and context: The differential impact of culture, risks and resources on resilience among vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review. 2017; 79: 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.007
37. Cutuli J, Desjardins C, Herbers J, Long J, Heistad D, Chan C, et al. Academic achievement trajectories of homeless and highly mobile students: Resilience in the context of chronic and acute risk. Child Development. 2013; 84 (3): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1111/cdev.12013
38. Sanders, A. Children in homeless families: Risks to mental health and development. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2017; 61: 335-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 006X.61.2.335
39. Quitian H, Ruiz-Gaviria R, Gómez-Restrepo C, Rondón M. Pobreza y trastornos mentales en la población colombiana, estudio nacional de salud mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2016: 45 (1s):31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.02.005
40. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatric. 1981; 46: 305-15.
41. Kovacs M. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). EEUU: HMS; 1992.
42. González-Arratia N. Resiliencia y personalidad en niños. Cómo desarro¬llarse en tiempos de crisis. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 2011.
43. González-Arratia N, Valdez-Medina J. Optimismo-pesimismo y resiliencia en adolescentes de una universidad pública. CIENCIA ergo sum. 2012; 19(3): 207-14.
44. León M. Adaptación del inventario de depresión infantil de Kovacs en escolares de la UGEL 02 de Lima Metropolitana .Revista Psique Mag. 2013. Recuperado de http://www.ucvlima.edu.pe/minds/index.html.
45. Canjiea L, Lexina Y, Weiquanb L, Yinga Z, Shengmao P. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on 2 quality of life of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 71: 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.011
46. Hankin BL. Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006; 8(1): 102-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012
47. Lavoie J, Pereira L, Talwar V. Children's Physical Resilience Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Vulnerability and Protective Factors. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6): 2-11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.011
48. Bonet C, Fernández M, Chamón M. Depresión, ansiedad y separación en la infancia. Aspectos prácticos para pediatras ocupados. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2011; 13(51): 471-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322011000300012
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