Aportaciones sobre el campo magnético: historia e influencia en sistemas biológicos
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Publicado:
sept. 14, 2017
Palabras clave:
electricidad; magnetismo; germinación; tratamiento magnético
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Resumen
Este artículo repasa la historia del magnetismo siguiendo un orden cronológico que comienza con la evolución del conocimiento científico en las primeras civilizaciones, después en Egipto y China, seguido de la antigua Grecia y Roma. Por último, se describen también la Edad Media y la Edad Moderna. Posteriormente, se comentan los hallazgos de los investigadores más importantes en el campo del electromagnetismo como son Oersted, Biot y Savart, Ampère, Sturgeon, Faraday, Lenz, Maxwell y Coulomb. Se resumen los principios básicos del electromagnetismo, con especial énfasis en la relación entre carga eléctrica y magnetismo. Asimismo, es parte esencial la relación entre campos magnéticos y sistemas biológicos, sobre todo semillas y plantas. Con la ayuda de una minuciosa recopilación de bibliografía, se tratan en detalle los efectos sobre diversas especies de plantas que tiene el campo magnético natural de la Tierra, como magnetismo natural, y de los causados por la aplicación de campos magnéticos estacionarios.
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Carbonell, M. V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., & Álvarez, J. (2017). Aportaciones sobre el campo magnético: historia e influencia en sistemas biológicos. Intropica, 12(2). Recuperado a partir de https://umapp002.unimagdalena.edu.co/index.php/intropica/article/view/2282
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Artículo de revisión
Citas
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Aladjadjiyan, A. y Ylieva, T. 2003. Influence of stationary magnetic field on the early stages of development of tobacco seeds (Nicotina tabacum, L.). Journal of Central European Agriculture 4(2): 132-136.
Albertini, M.C., Accorsi, A., Citterio, B., Burattini, S., Piacentini, M.P., Uguccioni, F. y Piatti, E. 2003. Morphological and biochemical modifications induced by a static magnetic field on Fusarium culmorum. Biochimie 85(10): 963-70.
Alcázar, S. 2005. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas de avena loca y cardo de castilla. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Álvarez, J. 2011. Exposición de semillas de Triticale a campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT. Efectos en la velocidad de germinación y primeras etapas de desarrollo. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Arnáldez, R. y Beaujeu, J. 1973. La Ciencia Antigua y Medieval. Editorial Destino. Barcelona.
Azanza, M.J. y Del Moral, A. 1994. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progress in Neurobiology 44: 517-601.
Baghel, L., Kataria, S. y Guruprasad, K.N. 2016. Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean. Bioelectromagnetics 37(7): 455-70.
Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2012. Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 57: 67-73.
Belyavskaya, N.A. 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Original Research Article Advances in Space Research 34(7): 1566-1574.
Bhatnagar, D. y Dev, A.R. 1977. Some effect of pre-germination exposure of wheat seeds to magnetic fields. Effect on some physiological process. Seed Research 5(2): 129-137.
Blakemore, R. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190: 377-379.
Bogatina, N.I., Verkin, B.I., Kordyum, V.A. 1978. Effect of permanent magnetic fields with different intensities on wheat growth rate. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Serija A, Russian B (4): 352-356.
Braun, E. 2003. Electromagnetismo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Fondo de cultura económica, México D.F.
Bru, L. 1975. Física. Librería Internacional de Romo S.L, Madrid.
Buck, J.A., Hayt, W.H. 2006. Engineering Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cakmak, T., Dumlupinar, R. y Erdal, S. 2010. Acceleration of Germination and Early Growth of Wheat and Bean Seedlings Grown Under Various Magnetic Field and Osmotic Conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 31: 120-129.
Campbell, W.F., Mericle, L.W. y Mericle, R.P., Montgomery, D.J., Smith, A.E. 1964. Plant Growth responses, Biological effects of Magnetic Fields. Plenum Press, New York.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 19(1): 115-120.
Carbonell, M.V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., Maqueda, R. y Amaya, J.M. 2011. Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seed Science and Technoly 39: 673-679.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Flórez M. 2013.Tratamiento magnético como técnica estimulante de la germinación de semillas de Soja. Revista Ingeniería de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente – EIDENAR 12: 119- 127.
Chao, L. y Walker, D. 1967. Effects of magnetic field on the germination of apple, apricot and peach seeds. Horticultarae science 2(4): 152-153.
Chauhan, T.S. y Agrawal, A.S. 1977. Effect of magnetism on germination of Sonalika wheat. Acta Botanica (India) 5: 66-68.
Chausav, R.P. 1967. Effect of magnetic field and rotation of the Earth on seed germination and shoot growth. Fizologiya Rast 14: 540-543.
Cheng, D.K. 1997. Fundamentos de electromagnetismo para ingeniería. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana, México D.F.
Dayal, S. y Singh, N. 1986. Effect of seed exposure to magnetic field on the height of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 (6): 483-487.
De Souza, A., Porras, E. y Casate, R. 1999. Efecto del tratamiento magnético de las semillas de tomate sobre la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Investigación agraria, producción y protección vegetales 14(3): 437-444.
Díaz-González, J. 1950. Historia de la Medicina en la Antigüedad. Editorial Barna, Barcelona.
Dini, L. y Abbro, L. 2004. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 36: 195-217.
Dycus, A.M., Shultz, A. y Smith, P. 1966. Effect on early plant growth of nulled and directional magnetic field environment. 3rd International Biomagnetic Symposium. Universidad de Illinois, Chicago.
Es’kov, E.K. y Darkov, V.A. 2003. Consequences of high intensity magnetic effects on the early growth Processes in plant seeds and the development of honeybees. Biology Bulletin 30(5): 617-622.
Es’kov, E.K., Darkov, A.V. y Shvetsov, G.A. 2005. Dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of biological objects on their physiological state and viability. Biofizika 50(2): 357-389.
Es’kov, E.K., Radionov, A. y Yu, A. 2010. Initial growth processes in seeds in magnetic fields, strengthened or weakened in relation to the geomagnetic field. Biology Bulletin 37(1): 49-55.
Flórez, M. 2004. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plántulas. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, V. y Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59(1): 68-75.
Flórez, M., Martínez, E. y Carbonell, M.V. 2012. Effect of magnetic field treatment on germination of medicinal plants Salvia officinalis L. and Calendula officinalis L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21: 57-63.
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Gorya, V.S. 1969. The effect of seeds orientation in soil relative to geomagnetic pole on the growth and development of Maize. Brief results of work Moldavian Institute of Plant and Seed Breeding and Agrotechnology of Field Crops, Chisinau.
Gubbels, G.H. 1982. Seedling growth and yield response of flax, buckwheat, sunflower and field pie after pre seedling magnetic treatment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 61-64.
Gusta, L.V., Kirkland, K.J. y Austenson, H.M. 1978. Effects of brief magnetic exposure on cereal germination and seedling growth. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 58: 79-86.
Gutiérrez, A.M., Torres, C. y Díaz, J.E. 2014. Effect of magnetic fields in germination, growth, and microbial florishing in seedlings of Brachiaria humidicola, Panicum maximum, and Zea mays (Poaceae). Revista de Ciencias 18(1): 9-17.
Hajnorouzi, A., Vaezzadeha,M., Ghanatib, F., Jamnezhada, H. y Nahidianb, B. 2011. Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 1123–1128.
Harichand, K.S., Narula, V. y Raj, D. 2002. Effect of magnetic fields on germination, vigour and seed yield of wheat. Seed Research 30(2): 289-293.
Hozayn, M. Amal, A.A. y Abdel-Rahman, H.M.H. 2015. Effect of magnetic field on germination, seedling growth and cytogenetic of onion (Allium cepa L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10(8): 849-857.
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Alcázar, S. 2005. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas de avena loca y cardo de castilla. Trabajo Fin de Carrera, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
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Arnáldez, R. y Beaujeu, J. 1973. La Ciencia Antigua y Medieval. Editorial Destino. Barcelona.
Azanza, M.J. y Del Moral, A. 1994. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progress in Neurobiology 44: 517-601.
Baghel, L., Kataria, S. y Guruprasad, K.N. 2016. Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean. Bioelectromagnetics 37(7): 455-70.
Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A. y Nagarajan, S. 2012. Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 57: 67-73.
Belyavskaya, N.A. 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Original Research Article Advances in Space Research 34(7): 1566-1574.
Bhatnagar, D. y Dev, A.R. 1977. Some effect of pre-germination exposure of wheat seeds to magnetic fields. Effect on some physiological process. Seed Research 5(2): 129-137.
Blakemore, R. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190: 377-379.
Bogatina, N.I., Verkin, B.I., Kordyum, V.A. 1978. Effect of permanent magnetic fields with different intensities on wheat growth rate. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Serija A, Russian B (4): 352-356.
Braun, E. 2003. Electromagnetismo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Fondo de cultura económica, México D.F.
Bru, L. 1975. Física. Librería Internacional de Romo S.L, Madrid.
Buck, J.A., Hayt, W.H. 2006. Engineering Electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Cakmak, T., Dumlupinar, R. y Erdal, S. 2010. Acceleration of Germination and Early Growth of Wheat and Bean Seedlings Grown Under Various Magnetic Field and Osmotic Conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 31: 120-129.
Campbell, W.F., Mericle, L.W. y Mericle, R.P., Montgomery, D.J., Smith, A.E. 1964. Plant Growth responses, Biological effects of Magnetic Fields. Plenum Press, New York.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 19(1): 115-120.
Carbonell, M.V., Flórez, M., Martínez, E., Maqueda, R. y Amaya, J.M. 2011. Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seed Science and Technoly 39: 673-679.
Carbonell, M.V., Martínez, E. y Flórez M. 2013.Tratamiento magnético como técnica estimulante de la germinación de semillas de Soja. Revista Ingeniería de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente – EIDENAR 12: 119- 127.
Chao, L. y Walker, D. 1967. Effects of magnetic field on the germination of apple, apricot and peach seeds. Horticultarae science 2(4): 152-153.
Chauhan, T.S. y Agrawal, A.S. 1977. Effect of magnetism on germination of Sonalika wheat. Acta Botanica (India) 5: 66-68.
Chausav, R.P. 1967. Effect of magnetic field and rotation of the Earth on seed germination and shoot growth. Fizologiya Rast 14: 540-543.
Cheng, D.K. 1997. Fundamentos de electromagnetismo para ingeniería. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana, México D.F.
Dayal, S. y Singh, N. 1986. Effect of seed exposure to magnetic field on the height of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 (6): 483-487.
De Souza, A., Porras, E. y Casate, R. 1999. Efecto del tratamiento magnético de las semillas de tomate sobre la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Investigación agraria, producción y protección vegetales 14(3): 437-444.
Díaz-González, J. 1950. Historia de la Medicina en la Antigüedad. Editorial Barna, Barcelona.
Dini, L. y Abbro, L. 2004. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 36: 195-217.
Dycus, A.M., Shultz, A. y Smith, P. 1966. Effect on early plant growth of nulled and directional magnetic field environment. 3rd International Biomagnetic Symposium. Universidad de Illinois, Chicago.
Es’kov, E.K. y Darkov, V.A. 2003. Consequences of high intensity magnetic effects on the early growth Processes in plant seeds and the development of honeybees. Biology Bulletin 30(5): 617-622.
Es’kov, E.K., Darkov, A.V. y Shvetsov, G.A. 2005. Dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of biological objects on their physiological state and viability. Biofizika 50(2): 357-389.
Es’kov, E.K., Radionov, A. y Yu, A. 2010. Initial growth processes in seeds in magnetic fields, strengthened or weakened in relation to the geomagnetic field. Biology Bulletin 37(1): 49-55.
Flórez, M. 2004. Efecto de campos magnéticos estacionarios de 125 mT y 250 mT en la germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plántulas. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, V. y Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59(1): 68-75.
Flórez, M., Martínez, E. y Carbonell, M.V. 2012. Effect of magnetic field treatment on germination of medicinal plants Salvia officinalis L. and Calendula officinalis L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21: 57-63.
Gamow, G. 2001. Biografía de la Física. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.
Gorya, V.S. 1969. The effect of seeds orientation in soil relative to geomagnetic pole on the growth and development of Maize. Brief results of work Moldavian Institute of Plant and Seed Breeding and Agrotechnology of Field Crops, Chisinau.
Gubbels, G.H. 1982. Seedling growth and yield response of flax, buckwheat, sunflower and field pie after pre seedling magnetic treatment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 61-64.
Gusta, L.V., Kirkland, K.J. y Austenson, H.M. 1978. Effects of brief magnetic exposure on cereal germination and seedling growth. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 58: 79-86.
Gutiérrez, A.M., Torres, C. y Díaz, J.E. 2014. Effect of magnetic fields in germination, growth, and microbial florishing in seedlings of Brachiaria humidicola, Panicum maximum, and Zea mays (Poaceae). Revista de Ciencias 18(1): 9-17.
Hajnorouzi, A., Vaezzadeha,M., Ghanatib, F., Jamnezhada, H. y Nahidianb, B. 2011. Growth promotion and a decrease of oxidative stress in maize seedlings by a combination of geomagnetic and weak electromagnetic fields. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 1123–1128.
Harichand, K.S., Narula, V. y Raj, D. 2002. Effect of magnetic fields on germination, vigour and seed yield of wheat. Seed Research 30(2): 289-293.
Hozayn, M. Amal, A.A. y Abdel-Rahman, H.M.H. 2015. Effect of magnetic field on germination, seedling growth and cytogenetic of onion (Allium cepa L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10(8): 849-857.
Jristova, M. 1986. Técnicas de Irradiación en la Agricultura y la Industria Alimenticia. Memorias escuela para los problemas actuales de las ciencias nucleares. La Habana.
Kato, R., Kamada, H. y Aashima, M. 1989. Effects of high and very low magnetic field on the growth of hairy roots of Daucus carota and Atropa beladonna. Plant Cell Physiology 30: 605-608.
Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S. y McFadden, B.J. 1985. Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms: A New Biomagnetism. Ed. Plenum Press. New York.
Kirschvink, J. y Walker, M. 2001. Magnetic-based magnetoreception. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11: 462-467.
Kursevich, N.V. y Travkin, M.P. 1973. Effects of magnetic fields with different intensities on some enzymes activities in barely seedlings. En: Belgorod Teacher's Training College Publishing Co. Effects of Natural and Weak Artificial Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects. Belgorod.
Laín Entralgo, P. 1973. Historia Universal de la Medicina. Editorial Salvat. Barcelona. España.
Lebedev, S.I., Baranskiy, P.I., Litvinenko, L.G., Shiyan, L.T. 1977. Barley growth in superweak magnetic field. Electronic Treatment of Materials 3: 71-73.
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